Types of Lathe Machines

 

Types of Lathe Machines

 The Eight different types of lathe machine are following.

1. Speed Lathe Machine
2. Engine Lathe Machine
3. Bench Lathe Machine
4. Tools room Lathe Machine
5. Capstan and Turret Lathe Machine
6. Special purpose lathe machines
7. Automatic Lathe Machine
8. CNC lathe machine

 

1. Speed Lathe Machine

These types of lathe machines are clean to assemble. It has a bed, headstock, tailstock, and tool post set up on an adjustable slide. There isn't any feed box lead screw or carriage. The device is installed on an adjustable slide and fed into the paintings completely with the aid of hand control. This feature of lathe machines has speeds starting from 1200 to 3600 rpm. Headstock creation is quite simple and most effective 2 or 3 spindle speeds are available. A pace lathe machine has less intensity of cut. The light pressure and high pace used this component for woodworking, spinning, sintering and polishing. Speed ​​lathes are named due to the excessive speed of the headstock spindle.

2. Engine Lathe Machine

The engine lathe is the most commonly used lathe gadget. These machines are pushed by way of gear mechanism or pulley mechanism. Engine lathes are so named due to the fact in advance lathes have been powered through steam engines. All elements of an engine lathe gadget are similar to a speed lathe. Like bed, headstock, tailstock and so on. The headstock of an engine lathe is inflexible in production and has an additional mechanism to reap multiple spindle speeds.

Unlike a speed lathe, an engine lathe can feed the cutting device in both transverse and longitudinal guidelines with admire to the lathe axis with the assist of a carriage feed and lead screw. These types of lathes are nevertheless utilized in workshops and plenty of industries. Its 3 sorts are belt pushed, motor driven, gear head type.

        i.         i.   Belt Drive Lathe Machine

A lathe that derives its strength from an overhead line shaft is a belt-pushed lathe and is prepared with a speed cone and one or extra again gears to achieve a wide range of spindle speeds

      ii.             Motor Driven Lathe Machine

A lathe that derives its electricity from an individual motor with the device is called a motor-pushed lathe.

    iii.             Geared-head Lathe Machine

A geared head lathe derives its power from a consistent-pace motor, and all pace modifications are achieved through moving the numerous gears inside the headstock. It has no conical pulley.

3 Bench lathe.

These forms of lathe machines are small in length and used for extremely small precision paintings. Lathe machines are established on the bench. It has all of the similar parts of engine lathe and speed lathe. A bench lathe system performs nearly all of the capabilities of an engine lathe and a velocity lathe, the only difference being in size.

4. Tools room Lathe Machine

A device room lathe gadget is much like an engine lathe however offers a wider range of speeds. Spindle speeds range from very low to pretty high speeds of as much as 2500rpm. It is prepared with other things, chuck, taper turning attachment, draw-in gather attachment, steady and follower rest, pump for coolant and many others. A device room lathe is expensive compared to an engine lathe. It is specifically used in grinding, tooling, die gauges, and machining where precision is required.

5. Capstan Lathe and Turret Lathe

These forms of lathe machines are used in manufacturing work. These lathe machines are a development of the engine lathe. These machines are powered by using hexagonal bridgeheads in place of tailstocks. It additionally consists of 3 device posts.

In this kind of lathe machines, more than one tools can be installed and fed into the work in right order. The most important benefit is that numerous operations and components may be produced in a completely short time. And the amount and first-class is high without converting the tool.Capstan and bridge lathes require greater ground area than other lathe machines. Capstan and bridge lathes are used most effective for massive jobs.

6. Special Purpose Lathe Machines

As the call indicates, these sorts of lathe machines are used for special functions and manufacturing paintings. Special operations like drilling, grinding, reaming, boring and so forth. Are performed on this lathe.

Special cause lathe machines are:

1. Wheel lathe machine
2. Gap bed lathe machine
3. T-lathe machine
4. Duplicating lathe machine
5. Missile lathe machine

        i.            Wheel Lathe Machine

Wheel lathes are made for winding and threading railroad, vehicle cars, and locomotive wheels.

      ii.             Gap Bed Lathe

Gap-bed lathes, in which a portion of the mattress adjoining to the headstock is detachable, are used for turning extra-large diameter portions.

    iii.             T-Lathe

The "T-lathe" is used to device rotors for jet engines. The axis of the lathe mattress is at proper angles to the axis of the headstock spindle in a T form.

    iv.             Duplicating Lathe

A duplicating lathe machine is one for duplicating the form of a flat or round template onto a workpiece. Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic devices are used to coordinate the motion of the device to accurately reproduce the shape of the template.

      v.            Missile Lathe Machine

The missile lathe system, which has a completely large cradle to accommodate lengthy missile components of very massive diameter, is the state-of-the-art and maximum superior in lathe layout.

7. Automatic Lathe

In those styles of lathe machines, all operations are completed robotically. These are excessive pace heavy duty, manufacturing lathes. In those types of lathe machines, once the tool is set, it routinely plays all operations to finish the job.

Here equipment and feed exchange is automated. A unmarried operator can manipulate 5 to six computerized lathes at a time.The lathe gadget plays numerous operations like turning, facing, taper turning, knurling, grooving, parting off, electric turning, thread reducing, reaming and so forth. Let's do it separately. As follows.

8. CNC Lathe Machine

These forms of lathe machines are operated with a specific set of design commands. A CNC (Computer Numerical Control) lathe is a machine device that rotates the workpiece round a principal spindle, even as a reducing tool cuts the workpiece into the preferred shape and size.

A easy CNC lathe runs on  axes with the cutting tool in a set function on an 8 to 24 station turret. A CNC lathe guarantees product exceptional and does no longer require notably professional operators to perform the system. On the alternative hand, CNC machines are extra costly than operated by hand machines.

 

Lathe Machine

1.1 History Of Lathe Machine 

The lathe machine is said to be the mother of all machine tools. Centuries ago, from the earliest periods of human development, when the simplest form of this While many means of holding and rotating the job in the lathe machine came into existence, there were also many clumsy ways of cutting bangles with its help. In the 19th century, French watchmakers were able to cut specific pitches on wide lathes.While many means of holding and rotating the job in the lathe machine came into existence, there were also many clumsy ways of cutting bangles with its help. In the 18th century, French watchmakers were able to cut specific pitches on wide lathes.

At the beginning of the 19th century, Henry Maudsley built a sliding carriage lathe machine, on the basis of which he was able to cut 16 to 100 per inch (1.5 mm to 0.25 mm pitch) and was called the founder of the lathe machine. This lathe driven by lead screws and gears. The machine played an important role in the industrial development of that time. The interesting thing is that the invention of James Watt's Engine was also in its early stages. Total parts of Watt's engine were turned on this ancestral lathe of machine tools. Because of this it is still known as engine lathe till today.

1.2. Definition of Lathe Machine:

                        A lathe is a general purpose machine tool that is used for turning round jobs externally and internally. In this machine the job rotates on its horizontal axis. While a single-point cutting tool does the turning of the job by moving forward gradually. Apart from this, many more tasks can be done with the help of various work holding devices and tools used on the lathe machine. Such as drilling, boring, taper. Turning, screwing, turning, milling grinding, tapping and reaming etc.

        

 

1.3. Construction of Lathe Machine:

The construction of lathe machines, and  its working principle, work holding devices and functions used on it. It is a machine tool used in general industry or in vertical workshops. Such machine tools that are used for general tasks within general workshops are called general purpose machine tools. The principles of making such machines are also almost the same. In this group of machines come lathe machine and burma machine shaper, plus grinding machine and milling machine while special purpose machines can only do specific work like broaching machine, hobbing machine lapping. Machines etc. Machines of this group work according to specific needs. When modifications are made to ordinary machines for their specific purposes, these are called orthodox machine tools.
     Basically two operations of lathe machine are common, the first process is called parallel turning while the second is facing
1. Parallel Turning:
When a job is being turned in a cylindrical shape on a lathe, it is called parallel turning. In this process, the turning tool of the lathe takes a feed parallel to the machine axis. And the job turns parallel to the length direction.

2. Facing;

         When the turning tool is machining the end of the job, it is called facing. In this, the feed of the

 tool is perpendicular to the machine axis. At each cut, the distance of the tool is perpendicular to the

 central axis. If the tool takes a diagonal feed along the axis, it For facing, the cross slide of the lathe

 works perpendicular to the axis. The carriage remains stationary, while for parallel turning, the carriage

 moves parallel to the universal axis.

1.4 .Five Major Parts of Lathe Machine

     By the way, the lathe machine consists of many small and big parts. To understand the construction

 of the lathe machine, we first read about its five parts.

           1. Headstock   2. Bed   3. Tail stock   4. Carriage   5. Feeding and thread cutting system

1. Headstock:

     The headstock is located on the left hand side of the lathe. It is the most important part of the lathe. 

It has a system for holding the job, rotating it and providing multiple speeds. Its body is made 

of cast iron.

On both sides of its box-like body, spindle supporting bearings are fitted. In which the hollow spindle 

can rotate clockwise and counter-clockwise. Non-gear head stock has gears around the spindle. These

 gears are supported by levers. Different speeds are obtained from the change. These gradual speeds of

 the chuck or spindle are in Geometric The maximum number of spindle revolutions per minute is to

 machine a minimum diameter job on the machine, while the minimum number of revolutions per minute

 is to machine a diameter job greater than the maximum capacity of the lathe. Between these two limits 

The desired number of cycles per minute is set in step-by-step geometric progression. The spindle is

 made of steel. While a thick threads is cut on the outside so that the chuck or face plate can be tightened.

 On which the chuck is inserted with the help of bolts or cam nuts. In fact, there is a risk of opening the 

wide chuck by turning upside down. Only Morse Taper is cut. Older style headstocks have cone pulleys 

to achieve different speeds. These pulleys change the belt changing speed. Such headstocks also have a

 back gear which sets the spindle speed as well as being very heavy. are implemented for tasks.

Bed:

The bed of the lathe machine is made of cast iron. Bed strength, straightness, parallelism, resistance to

 vibration during work, and scraping after grinding of bed ways are its merits, so that the headstock,

 carriage, tailstock  can be aligned and their alignment is the same. Bed ways are called the foundation of

 the machine. To increase the strength and stiffness of the bed, both sides are strengthened with ribs. 

Bed ways are of two types: external bed ways. The carriage is supported and aligned and the tailstock is

 clamped on the inner bed ways.

 Tail Stock:

The tail stock is at the right end of the bed. It can be tightened anywhere according to the length of the

 job. The tail stock supports the right end of the job with a dead center. The tail stock body consists of

 two parts. The spindle at the top moves back and forth with the screw. The tail stock wheel is turned to

 rotate the screw. There is a straight hand width on the screw. The screw is turned enough to pull out the

 center. The spindle goes in and the center is pushed out by the screw. A bolt is attached to tighten the

 spindle.

Carriage:

Between the headstock and the tailstock, the bed ways moves back and forth by hand or by automatic feed. The carriage slides on the external ways of the bed ways. The bed has an H-shaped saddle. The cross slide on the saddle is perpendicular to the machine axis. Compound slide is fitted on cross slide. Tool post on compound slide. Apron on lower side in front of saddle. Apron has feeding system and half nut.

                              

1: Apron:

It is the front part of the carriage. It is driven by the rack A attached to the bed of the lathe. the carriage moves by rotating the carriage handwheel. This is called manual feed. Also, a fine clean shaft. The feed rod passes through the apron and the feed shaft rotates with the gears attached to the main spindle. A long key way is cut on this feed shaft. Due to which the drive carriage reaches the apron. And the carriage automatically moves right or left. This is called Automatic longitudinal feed. Thanks to this feeding system, the cross slide is fed automatically. is connected to the system. And this automatic movement of the cross slide is called Automatic cross feed. There are two levers in the apron to apply the feeds. A long wide lead screw is attached to the feed. It passes through the half nut of the apron. The half nut lever is operated to engage and disengage the half nut with the lead screw. . The lead screw gets drive from the main spindle. This drive is achieved by changing several sets of gears for different pitches of the bars. So that the desired width can be cut. The half nut is assisted by the chasing dial to engage the lead screw. is achieved. Actually this dial tells the exact time to actuate the half nut lever

2: Saddle:

It is like an English letter H above the bed ways. It acts as a bridge to the ways on both sides. Below it

 are sliding ways on the bed. It moves back and forth on the outer ways of the bedways. The bed ways

 are well Gibbed to fit the gap created by the indentation process. The saddle also has a locking bolt to

 lock the carriage. The cross slide on the saddle moves perpendicular to the machine axis. This

 movement can also be combined with automatic feeding

1.5. Feeding and Threading System:

You have read about the feeding system in the article of Apron. While for threading, the lead screw is

 attached to the spindle with the help of different sets of gears. The set of gears depends on the pitch to

 be cut and the pitch of the lead screw.

Graduated Collars:

The movements of compound slide and cross slide are due to the screws inside them. When the hand 

wheel of the slide is turned round, the ends of the screws have knobs on them while the nut is tightened

 with the slide. Graduated collars are fitted as shown below. Their collar circumferences are divided 

equally into multiple sections, starting at zero. If the movement is known, it becomes very easy to make 

an accurate measurement, knowing that twice the diameter of the cut depth is reduced in one cut.

To find the measurement of the smallest part of these collars, the pitch of the screws is divided by the

 total parts of the collar. For example, if the pitch of the screws is five mm and the collar is divided into 

100 equal parts

One division of collar  =5/100 =0.5

That is, to sink the tool in 0.05 mm, the wheel will be rotated by a small portion of the collar. This will

 reduce the diameter of the job by 0.10 mm. The linear movement of the slide on rotating the wheel one

 cycle will easily keep the steel roll together. Because screw pitch is always in whole millimeters.

Centers of lathe machine:

The centers of the lathe machine are very important because the accuracy of the work depends on them.

 The shanks of the centers are ground according to the morse taper. Their point angle is 60 degree. If

 heavy work is to be turned on the lathe. This angle can be 75 or 90 degree. Generally, this point is done

 by attaching the grinder to the compound slide at 60 degree. The compound slide is attached at

 30 degree at this time. .

Live Centre:

The center which supports the rotating job in the main spindle is called live center.

Dead Center:

The center which is placed in the tail stock is called dead center

Shaper Machine

 1.1 Introduction:

A shaper is a standard machine tool that can machining smooth, flat, or partially rounded surfaces. A shaper tool cuts the material in a back-and-forth motion, the tool cuts in its forward direction while the work piece is in the tank of the work table. The work table is fixed at the top. The work table slides vertically after each stroke of the tool. It can shape work pieces up to 600 mm in length. This is not a production machine for repair work or small machines. Slides can be cut.

1.2 Types of shapers:

 There are two types of sapper machines

i.                    Horizontal shaper

ii.                  Vertical shaper

              i. Horizontal Shaper:

The tool of this shaper cuts in the horizontal plane in its forward stroke.

a. Mechanical shaper:

                Its complete working system consists of mechanical parts, gears and levers. Especially the stroke is produced by the ram stroke, the details of which will be read later.

b. Hydraulic Shaper:

                    A modern type of shaper. In which the reciprocating movement of the ram is done by a hydraulic piston and cylinder. A valve controls the flow of oil in and out of the hydraulic cylinder. The valve opening and closing system is connected to the stroke return. The line diagram of this shaper is given below.

                           

ii. Vertical Shaper:

A vertical shaper tool moves up and down and cuts in a downward stroke.

Note. The size of a shaper is taken from the length of its stroke, while the longer the stroke of a shaper, the more cubic pieces of size the shaper can machining.

1.3 Construction of Shaper:

It is not too difficult for an operator to understand the shaper system as he understands the working principles of the machines

1.4 Parts of Shaper:

Rem:

The top part of the shaper that moves the tool back and forth in its dual slides

Start and Stop button:

As you know it is used to run and stop the machine black button is to run and red button is to stop the machine

Oil Pressure Gauge:

A gauge is used to check the pressure of the lubricating oil

Gear Shifting Lever:

There are two levers to change the shaper to eight different speeds, which are connected to the gearbox. The gears in the box run in the presence of oil to minimize wear and tear.

Back Gear Lever:

It is also connected to the gearbox and is used to change gears

 

Power Cross Feed Selector:

A cross feed selector lever is used to select the desired feed from the available feeds.This system is connected to a cam and this cam determines the amount of feed.

Stroke Indicator Dial:

It shows the stroke of the ram in inches or millimeters

Stroke Adjusting Shaft:

It adjusts the stroke length by inserting an L-shaped handle and turning it to increase or decrease the stroke length. Bull Gear has two gears in the center of the shaft in front of the shaft. Fit which makes the radius of the crank pin more or less. To understand this system, with the help of the instructor, see the bull gear system by opening the shaper so that you can get to the bottom of the system.

Power Rapid Traverse Lever:

The work table is usually lowered by hand by turning the handle up or down in one direction. With this power lever, we can quickly slide the table to save time.

Cross Feed Engagement Lever:

This selects right-left or parallel feed

Cross Feed Manual Control:

Cross feed can be given with the help of handle.

Rail Elevating Manual Control:

The cross rail can be moved up and down by rotating this lever by hand

Cross rail:

It acts as a pendent for the work table.

Apron:

It carries the table attached to the rail and slides right or left over the rail.

Rail Clamp Control:

With its help, the rail can be fixed at the required position during operation.

Table Support:

It provides support to the work table so that the table does not fall down during the working stroke.

Work table:

It acts as a base under the bank to which the work is fastened with the help of various work holding means

Vise:

Place the work piece on the work table and fix it in the correct position

Ram Adjusting Shaft:

Used to adjust the stroke condition of the ram

Tool Post:

A variety of shaping tools can be attached to it

Tool Lifter:

When the shaper is on the voice stroke, it lifts the tool up slightly so that the tool does not break

Swivel Head:

This is a clipper box blade that can be adjusted to cut salami at any angle.

Feed Screw Crank:

The tool post is used to give vertical feed or diagonal feed and with its collar we can control the depth of cut.

Electric Clutch and Brake Control:

The electric clutch works to start or stop the machine.

1.5: Lubricating the shaper:

For better working of a machine it is necessary that its oiling is done properly. Lubricating machines is a matter of skill and knowledge. Shaper oiling is not a difficult task for a student who knows the lubrication of lathe machine, however, the necessary information related to it is included here.

Before starting Shaper:

 (1) Boxes which are filled with oil so that the oiling of the running system inside them is                 continuous to fill the oil level in the gearbox or transmission box.

 (2) Oil the motor so that there is no difficulty while running.

  (3) Fill the oiling return basins.

Usual Daily oiling:

 Perform daily oiling of the following total parts and locations.

1. All slides.

2. Clean the work table and bench.

3. Clean and oil the ram rail and slide.

4. Oiling the feed screw and its bearings.

5. Oil the clipper box pin.

Weekly oiling:

There are specific places where Oil Weekly is written. Oil on the first day of every week of Monday. Or on the next day of a weekly holiday.

1. Fill the rim oil holes and oil the rim adjusting system.

2. Oil the speed change levers.

3. Oiling the crank clutch.

Monthly Oil Checking;

Check the oil tanks on the first Saturday of every month and top up the oil level.

1.6 Shaper's Stroke System:

Given below is the line diagram of the stroke system. In which the Bull Gear (B) is rotated by a small gear P. There is a screw as the radius of the Bull Gear. When this screw is rotated, the radius of the crank pin is approximately R. To rotate this screw, the stroke adjusting shaft is rotated with the help of a handle. There are two gears in front of this shaft in the center of the bull gear. moves along which rotates the radial screw of the crank. The sliding block decreases the cranking radius R. From this system, the stroke length is adjusted according to the work piece being small or large.

 

The working length of the stroke is required at the place. For example, at the end of the work table or at the beginning. This is called position of stroke. There is a system inside the ram to fix the position of the stroke. Loosen the stroke adjusting lever on top of the ram. By turning the stroke adjusting screw, when the tool cuts to the required position, the upper lever is tightened, which corrects the stroke position.

The crank pin radius of the gear can be reduced. And the location of the working stroke can also be determined. Considering the figure below, it can be seen that the bull gear rotates in the clockwise direction by rotating the crank pin from P1 to P2 to form the forward stroke. And the return stroke from P2 to P1 is the cutting stroke. The speed of the forward stroke is slow and the return stroke turns quickly. While the bill wheel rotates at the same speed. It takes more time for the crank pin to rotate more angles from p1 to p2. And less time is required for the less angle rotation from p2 to p1. These two strokes have a specific relationship between them, on the basis of which the cutting speed of the shaper is determined.

1.7 Shaper Tools:

A trained person who is skilled in turning tool grinding of lathe machine.

 He finds no difficulty in making or grinding shaper tool. The job of lathe

 machine is round while the job of shaper is stationary but cutting in both

 places. The principal is the same. Here we are giving the shapes and

 descriptions of various shaper tools.

1. Ruffing Tool:

Rough tool is used for plane shaping as per figure. It is a left hand tool. 

Conversely right hand tool can also be ground.

2. Finishing Tool:

Finishing tools are ground as per figure, this is a left hand tool, you can

 also make a right hand tool.

3. Parting or slotting tool:

The tools prepared according to the various shapes are used for cutting,

 cutting, and parting. The thickness of the tool is ground according to the 

width of the groove. And a relief angle of one degree is given from both 

sides. So that the tool does not slip and Don't chatter.

4. Do-Tail Tools:

According to figure a do-tail roughing tool and figure b do-tail finishing

 tool are shown so that other hand tools can also be ground against them.

5. Key way tool:

The tool shown in the figure is used to cut a keyway in a pulley or wheel

 hub. The tool is held in a workbench and moves back and forth in its hole 

to cut a way similar to a parting tool.

1.8 Cutting Speed ​​and Feed of Shaper:

The cutting speed of a shaper depends on its working stroke per minute. The

 distance traveled per stroke is found in millimeters and multiplied by the

 stroke per minute. The time is determined. The determined distance is

 divided by this fraction of a minute and divided by 1000, then its speed is

 known.

Tool distance in cutting /min = N*L

Job length in mm = L

Cutting Stroke/min = N

        Cutting speed in meter's /min = N*L / 1000 .......(1)

  In normal shapers, the ratio between cutting stroke and return stroke time

 is 2:3. The cutting stroke time is longer, while the return stroke returns

 very quickly. The relative sum of time is 5. So the time of cutting stroke

 will be 3/5 Now divide equation (1) by 3/5.

Cutting Speed ​​= N*L /1000 / 3/5

or C.S N*L /1000 *3/5 = N*L / 600 meter/min

or Nos. of cutting strokes per min = c.s x 600 / L

L = Length of job to be cut in m.m